How is syphilis diagnosed?

Syphilis is diagnosed through blood tests or a self-test that detects the presence of antibodies against Treponema pallidum. Laboratory tests can also use additional diagnostic techniques to confirm infection at different stages.

Diagnostic methods for syphilis

1. Blood tests for syphilis

The most reliable way to diagnose syphilis is through a blood test. This test detects antibodies that the body produces in response to the bacteria Treponema pallidum.

There are two types of blood tests:

• Non-treponemal tests: These tests, such as the VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) and RPR (Rapid Plasma Reagin), measure antibodies produced by the body in response to infection. They are often used as initial screening.
• Treponemal tests: These tests, such as the TPPA (Treponema pallidum Particle Agglutination), FTA-ABS (Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption) and EIA (Enzyme Immunoassay), detect specific antibodies against the syphilis bacteria. A positive result confirms that a person has ever been exposed to syphilis.

Often both types of tests are combined to provide an accurate diagnosis.

2. Syphilis self-test

A syphilis self-test works on the basis of a blood sample and can be performed at home. The test detects antibodies against the syphilis bacteria and gives a result within 10 to 15 minutes.

Although a self-test can give a good initial indication, if the result is positive, it is always advised to contact a doctor for further investigation.

3. Direct detection of the bacteria

In some cases, syphilis can be diagnosed directly by taking samples from sores or skin lesions. This is done by:

• Darkfield microscopy: a microscopic examination in which the bacteria are directly observed in fluid from a syphilis ulcer.
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test: a test that can detect genetic material of Treponema pallidum in skin or blood samples.

These methods are mainly used at an early stage, when the bacteria are still present on the skin or mucous membranes.

When should you get tested for syphilis?

A test is recommended if you:

• Has had unprotected sexual contact with a new or multiple partners.
• Received a warning from a (former) partner about an STI.
• Has symptoms such as ulcers, rash or swollen lymph nodes.
• Are a sex worker or have had sex with someone at increased risk.
• Are pregnant or have a desire to have children.

As syphilis develops in stages, it is important to consider the incubation period. The infection can only be reliably detected from 3 to 6 weeks after exposure.

What to do in case of a positive result?

If a syphilis test is positive, it is important to contact a doctor as soon as possible. Syphilis is well treatable with antibiotics, usually in the form of a penicillin injection. The earlier treatment starts, the lower the chance of permanent damage.

Conclusion

Syphilis is diagnosed through blood tests, a self-test or direct detection methods such as microscopy and PCR. Blood tests are the most widely used and reliable way to diagnose infection. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications. Have you been at risk? Get tested and always consult a doctor in case of a positive result.

Syfilis test

€19.99